Intra prediction in image processing

ABSTRACT

An intra prediction method and a device using the intra prediction method are provided. The intra prediction method includes the steps of: deriving a current prediction mode as a prediction mode of a current block; constructing neighboring samples of the current block with available reference samples; filtering the available reference samples; and generating predicted samples of the current block on the basis of the filtered available reference samples. The filtering step includes performing the filtering using the available reference sample located in the prediction direction of the current prediction mode and a predetermined number of available reference samples neighboring to the prediction direction of the current prediction mode.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to image information processing method anddevice, and more particularly, to a filtering method on neighboringsamples performed in the process of intra prediction of imageinformation and a device using the filtering method.

BACKGROUND ART

Recently, demands for a high-resolution and high-quality image haveincreased in various fields of applications. As an image has higherresolution and higher quality, an amount of information on the imageincreases more. Accordingly, when image information is transferred usingmedia such as existing wired or wireless broadband lines or imageinformation is stored in existing storage media, the informationtransfer cost and the information storage cost increase. Therefore,high-efficiency image compressing techniques can be used to effectivelytransfer, store, and reproduce information on high-resolution andhigh-quality images.

Inter prediction and intra prediction can be used to enhance imagecompression efficiency.

In the inter prediction, pixel values of a current picture are predictedfrom temporally previous and/or subsequent pictures. In the intraprediction, pixel values of a current picture are predicted using pixelinformation in the current picture.

In addition to the inter prediction and the intra prediction, aweighting value predicting technique for preventing degradation in imagequality due to a variation in illumination or the like, an entropyencoding technique of assigning a short code to a symbol with a highappearance frequency and assigning a long code to a symbol with a lowappearance frequency, and the like can be used for more efficientlyprocessing image information.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

An object of the invention is to provide an effective image compressiontechnique and a device using the technique.

Another object of the invention is to provide an intra prediction methodwhich can enhance prediction efficiency and a device using the method.

Still another aspect of the invention is to provide a method and adevice that perform a filtering process on neighboring reference pixelsin the process of intra prediction so as to reduce artifacts of areconstructed image.

Still another aspect of the invention is to provide a method and adevice that perform a filtering process on neighboring reference sampleson the basis of an intra prediction mode of a current block.

Still another aspect of the invention is to provide a method ofdetermining whether a filtering process should be performed onneighboring reference samples on the basis of the size and the intraprediction mode of a current block and a device using the method.

Still another aspect of the invention is to provide a method and adevice that reduce complexity of an intra prediction process byspecifying neighboring reference samples to be filtered.

Still another aspect of the invention is to provide a method and adevice that reduce artifacts by performing a post-prediction filteringprocess when a filtering process is not performed before intraprediction.

Technical Solution

(1) According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided an intraprediction method including the steps of: deriving a current predictionmode as a prediction mode of a current block; constructing neighboringsamples of the current block with available reference samples; filteringthe available reference samples; and generating predicted samples of thecurrent block on the basis of the filtered available reference samples,wherein the filtering step includes performing the filtering using theavailable reference sample located in the prediction direction of thecurrent prediction mode and a predetermined number of availablereference samples neighboring to the prediction direction of the currentprediction mode.

(2) In the intra prediction method according to (1), the filtering stepmay include applying a 3-tap filter with a filtering coefficient of [1 21] to the available reference sample.

(3) In the intra prediction method according to (1), the filtering stepmay include applying a filtering using a 3-tap filter to a firstavailable reference sample located in the prediction direction of thecurrent prediction mode, a second available reference sample located onthe left side of the first available reference sample, and a thirdavailable reference sample located on the right side of the firstavailable reference sample to generate a modified reference sample atthe position of the first available reference sample.

(4) In the intra prediction method according to (1), the currentprediction mode may be any one of a prediction mode having an eighthprediction direction on the right side of a vertical prediction mode, aprediction mode having an eighth prediction direction on the left sideof a vertical prediction mode, and a prediction mode having an eighthprediction direction on the bottom side of a horizontal prediction mode.

(5) In the intra prediction method according to (1), the filtering stepmay include filtering only the available reference sample usable in thecurrent prediction mode.

(6) In the intra prediction method according to (5), when the currentprediction mode has a right prediction direction of a verticalprediction mode, only the available reference samples on the top sideand the top-right side of the current block and the available referencesample neighboring the top-left corner of the current block may befiltered.

(7) In the intra prediction method according to (5), when the currentprediction mode has a left prediction direction of a vertical predictionmode or an upward prediction direction of a horizontal prediction mode,the available reference samples on the top side and the left side of thecurrent block and the available reference sample neighboring thetop-left corner of the current block may be filtered.

(10) In the intra prediction method according to (5), when the currentprediction mode has a downward prediction direction of a horizontalprediction mode, the available reference samples on the left side andthe left-bottom side of the current block and the available referencesample neighboring the top-left corner of the current block may befiltered.

(9) In the intra prediction method according to (1), it may bedetermined whether the filtering step should be performed depending onthe size and the current prediction mode of the current block.

(10) In the intra prediction method according to (9), the predictedsamples may be generated on the basis of the available reference samplewhen it is determined that the filtering step is not performed, and asmoothing process using a 2-tap filter may be performed on the availablereference sample and the predicted sample neighboring the availablereference sample out of the predicted samples.

(11) According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided anencoding device including: a prediction module that performs aprediction on a current block to generate a predicted block; and anentropy encoding module that encodes information on the prediction andthe predicted block, wherein the prediction module performs a filteringon neighboring available reference samples of the current block andgenerates the predicted block of the current block on the basis of thefiltered available reference samples, and wherein the filtering on theavailable reference samples includes applying a 3-tap filter to theavailable reference sample located in the prediction direction of anintra prediction mode of the current block and a predetermined number ofavailable reference samples neighboring to the prediction direction ofthe current prediction mode.

(12) In the encoding device according to (11), the 3-tap filter may havea filtering coefficient of[1 2 1].

(13) According to still another aspect of the invention, there isprovided a decoding device including: an entropy decoding module thatentropy-decodes information received from an encoder; and a predictionmodule that performs a prediction on a current block on the basis of theentropy-decoded information, wherein the prediction module performs afiltering on neighboring available reference samples of the currentblock and generates a predicted block of the current block on the basisof the filtered available reference samples, and wherein the filteringon the available reference samples includes applying a 3-tap filter tothe available reference sample located in the prediction direction of anintra prediction mode of the current block and a predetermined number ofavailable reference samples neighboring to the prediction direction ofthe current prediction mode.

(14) In the decoding device according to (13), the 3-tap filter may havea filtering coefficient of[1 2 1].

Advantageous Effects

According to the invention, it is possible to enhance intra predictionefficiency and to enhance quality of a reconstructed image.

According to the invention, it is possible to remove artifacts which mayappear in a reconstructed image in the process of intra prediction.

According to the invention, it is possible to adaptively determinewhether a filtering process should be performed on a neighboring blockdepending on the size, the intra prediction mode, and the like of acurrent block.

According to the invention, it is possible to reduce complexity of anintra prediction process by specifying neighboring samples to befiltered on the basis of an intra prediction mode.

According to the invention, it is possible to remove artifacts byperforming a post-prediction process when a filtering process is notperformed on reference samples before intra prediction.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an image encodingdevice according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an image decodingdevice according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically illustrating prediction modes whichare used in intra prediction.

FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically illustrating intra prediction modes.

FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically illustrating a method of projectingleft-bottom pixels to the top and using the projected pixels asreference pixels.

FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of a method offiltering reference pixels depending on an intra prediction mode andperforming an intra prediction process using the filtered pixels.

FIG. 7 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example where a targetto which a CRSI should be applied is specified in a system according tothe invention.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example where the CRSI is applied toa vertical+8 mode in the system according to the invention.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example where the CRSI is applied toa vertical−8 mode in the system according to the invention.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating another example where the CRSI isapplied to the vertical−8 mode in the system according to the invention.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example where the CRSI is appliedto a horizontal+8 mode in the system according to the invention.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating another example where the CRSI isapplied to the vertical+8 mode in the system according to the invention.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating another example where the CRSI isapplied to the vertical+8 mode in the system according to the invention.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating another example where the CRSI isapplied to the vertical−8 mode in the system according to the invention.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating another example where the CRSI isapplied to the horizontal+8 mode in the system according to theinvention.

FIG. 16 is a diagram schematically illustrating applying of an MDIS tofilter reference pixels before performing a prediction process of takingthe values of the reference pixels as pixel values of a current block.

FIG. 17 is a diagram schematically illustrating neighboring samples of acurrent block which are used as reference pixels after being filtered onthe basis of an intra prediction mode of the current block in the systemaccording to the invention.

FIG. 18 is a diagram schematically illustrating neighboring sampleswhich are filtered on the basis of an intra prediction mode of a currentblock in the system according to the invention.

FIG. 19 is a diagram schematically illustrating a mapping relationshipof intra prediction modes, intra prediction orders, and intra predictionangles shown in Tables 7 and 9.

FIG. 20 is a diagram schematically illustrating samples to be subjectedto MDIS filtering out of neighboring samples of a current block when theintra prediction mode of the current block is a vertical mode, ahorizontal mode, and a DC mode.

FIG. 21 is a diagram schematically illustrating samples to be subjectedto MDIS filtering out of neighboring samples of a current block when theintra prediction mode of the current block is an angle prediction mode.

FIG. 22 is a diagram schematically illustrating neighboring sampleswhich are filtered on the basis of an intra prediction mode out ofneighboring samples of a current block in the system according to theinvention.

FIG. 23 is a diagram schematically illustrating a method of applying theMDIS using a 3-tap filter.

FIG. 24 is a diagram schematically illustrating a method of applying afiltering operation when the intra prediction mode of a current block isa DC mode.

FIG. 25 is a diagram schematically illustrating an application of anMDTF in the system according to the invention depending on the intraprediction mode of a current block.

FIG. 26 is a diagram schematically illustrating an operation of anencoder in the system according to the invention.

FIG. 27 is a diagram schematically illustrating an operation of adecoder in the system according to the invention.

FIG. 28 is a flowchart schematically illustrating an intra predictionoperation in a prediction step of the decoder on a current block in thesystem according to the invention.

MODE FOR INVENTION

The present invention can be variously modified in various forms, andspecific embodiments thereof will be described and shown in thedrawings. However, the embodiments are not intended for limiting theinvention. The terms used in the following description are used tomerely describe specific embodiments, but are not intended to limit theinvention. An expression of a singular number includes an expression ofthe plural number, so long as it is clearly read differently. The termssuch as “include” and “have” are intended to indicate that features,numbers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinationsthereof used in the following description exist and it should be thusunderstood that the possibility of existence or addition of one or moredifferent features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components, orcombinations thereof is not excluded.

On the other hand, elements in the drawings described in the inventionare independently drawn for the purpose of convenience for explanationof different specific functions in an image encoding/decoding apparatusand does not mean that the elements are embodied by independent hardwareor independent software. For example, two or more elements of theelements may be combined to form a single element, or one element may bedivided into plural elements. The embodiments in which the elements arecombined and/or divided belong to the scope of the invention withoutdeparting from the concept of the invention.

Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described indetail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Like constituents inthe drawings will be referenced by like reference numerals and will notbe repeatedly described.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an encodingapparatus (encoder) according to an embodiment of the invention.Referring to FIG. 1, an image encoding apparatus 100 includes a picturepartitioning module 105, a prediction module 110, a transform module115, a quantization module 120, a rearrangement module 125, an entropyencoding module 130, a dequantization module 135, an inverse transformmodule 140, a filter module 145, and a memory 150.

The picture partitioning module 105 can divide an input picture into atleast one processing unit blocks. Here, a block as a processing unit maybe a prediction unit (hereinafter, referred to as a “PU”), a transformunit (hereinafter, referred to as a “TU”), or a coding unit(hereinafter, referred to as a “CU”).

The prediction module 110 includes an inter prediction module thatperforms an inter prediction process and an intra prediction module thatperforms an intra prediction process, as described later. The predictionmodule 110 performs a prediction process on the processing units of apicture partitioned by the picture partitioning module 105 to generate aprediction block. In the prediction module 110, the processing unit of apicture may be a CU, a TU, or a PU. The prediction module 110 candetermine whether the prediction performed on the correspondingprocessing unit is an inter prediction or an intra prediction, and candetermine specific details (for example, a prediction mode) of theprediction methods. The processing unit subjected to the predictionprocess may be different from the processing unit of which theprediction method and the specific details are determined. For example,the prediction method and the prediction mode may be determined in theunits of PU and the prediction process may be performed in the units ofTU.

In the inter prediction, a prediction process is performed on the basisof information on at least one of a previous picture and/or a subsequentpicture of a current picture to generate a prediction block. In theintra prediction, a prediction process is performed on the basis ofpixel information of a current picture to generate a prediction block.

In the inter prediction, a reference picture is selected for a PU and areference block with the same size as the PU is selected in the unit ofinter pixel samples. Subsequently, a prediction block in which aresidual signal from the current PU is minimized and the motion vectormagnitude is minimized is generated. In the inter prediction, a skipmode, a merge mode, an MVP (Motion Vector Prediction) mode, and the likecan be used. The prediction block may be generated in the unit of pixelsamples less than an integer pixel such as 1/2 pixel samples and 1/4pixel samples. Here, the motion vector can also be expressed in the unitof pixel samples less than an integer pixel. For example, luma pixelscan be expressed in the unit of 1/4 pixels and chroma pixels can beexpressed in the unit of 1/8 pixels.

Information such as an index, a motion vector (for example, a motionvector predictor), and a residual signal of a reference picture selectedthrough the inter prediction is entropy-encoded and is transmitted to adecoder.

When the intra prediction is performed, the prediction mode can bedetermined in the unit of PU and the prediction process can be performedin the unit of PU. Alternatively, the prediction mode may be determinedin the unit of PU and the inter prediction may be performed in the unitof TU.

The prediction modes in the intra prediction include 33 directionalprediction modes and at least two non-directional modes. Thenon-directional modes include a DC prediction mode and a planar mode.

In the intra prediction, a prediction block can be generated after afilter is applied to a reference sample. At this time, it can bedetermined whether a filter should be applied to a reference sampledepending on the intra prediction mode and/or the size of a currentblock. At this time, the current block may be a transform unit on whichthe prediction is performed. On the other hand, “a pixel is used” inthis specification means that information of the pixel, for example, apixel value, is used. For the purpose of convenience for explanation, itshould be noted that the expression, “information of a pixel is used” or“a pixel value is used”, can be simply described as “a pixel is used”.The specific intra prediction method is the same as described later.

A PU has various sizes and shapes. For example, in case of interprediction, a PU may be blocks having sizes such as 2N×2N, 2N×N, N×2N,and N×N (where N is an integer). In case of intra prediction, a PU maybe blocks having sizes such as 2N×2N and N×N (where N is an integer). APU with a size of N×N can be set to be applied to only a specific case.For example, the PU with a size of N×N can be set to be used for only asmallest CU or can be set to be used for only the intra prediction. Inaddition to the PUs with the above-mentioned sizes, PUs such as an N×mNblock, an mN×N block, a 2N×mN block, and an mN×2N block (where m<1) maybe additionally defined and used.

Residual values (a residual block or a residual signal) between thegenerated prediction block and the original block are input to thetransform module 115. The prediction mode information, the motion vectorinformation, and the like used for the prediction are encoded along withthe residual values by the entropy encoding module 130 and aretransmitted to the decoder.

The transform module 115 performs a transform process on the residualblock in the unit of TU and generates transform coefficients. Thetransform unit in the transform module 115 may be a TU and may have aquad tree structure. The size of the transform unit can be determinedwithin a predetermined largest and smallest size range. The transformmodule 115 can transform the residual block using DCT (Discrete CosineTransform) and/or DST (Discrete Sine Transform).

The quantization module 120 can quantize the residual values transformedby the transform module 115 and can generate quantization coefficients.The values calculated by the quantization module 120 can be supplied tothe dequantization module 135 and the rearrangement module 125.

The rearrangement module 125 can rearrange the quantization coefficientssupplied from the quantization module 120. By rearranging thequantization coefficients, it is possible to enhance the encodingefficiency in the entropy encoding module 130. The rearrangement module125 can rearrange the quantization coefficients in the form of atwo-dimensional block to the form of a one-dimensional vector throughthe use of a coefficient scanning method. The rearrangement module 125can enhance the entropy encoding efficiency in the entropy encodingmodule 130 by changing the order of coefficient scanning on the basis ofstochastic statistics of the coefficients transmitted from thequantization module.

The entropy encoding module 130 performs an entropy encoding process onthe quantization coefficients rearranged by the rearrangement module125. Examples of the entropy encoding method include an exponentialgolomb method, a CAVLC (Context-Adaptive Variable Length Coding) method,and a CABAC (Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding) method. Theentropy encoding module 130 can encode a variety of information such asresidual coefficient information and block type information of a codingunit, prediction mode information, partitioning unit information,prediction unit information, transfer unit information, motion vectorinformation, reference picture information, block interpolationinformation, and filtering information transmitted from therearrangement module 125 and the prediction module 110.

The entropy encoding module 130 may give a predetermined change to aparameter set or a syntax to be transmitted, if necessary.

The dequantization module 135 inversely quantizes the values quantizedby the quantization module 120. The inverse transform module 140inversely transforms the values inversely quantized by the inversequantization module 135. The residual values generated by thedequantization module 135 and the inverse transform module 140 aremerged with the prediction block predicted by the prediction module 110to generate a reconstructed block.

The filter module 145 applies a deblocking filter, an ALF (Adaptive LoopFilter), an SAO (Sample Adaptive Offset) to the reconstructed picture.

The deblocking filter removes a block distortion generated at theboundary between blocks in the reconstructed picture. The ALF performs afiltering process on the basis of the result values of the comparison ofthe original picture with the reconstructed picture of which the blocksare filtered by the deblocking filter. The ALF may be applied only whenhigh efficiency is necessary. The SAO reconstructs offset differencesbetween the residual blocks having the deblocking filter applied theretoand the original picture and is applied in the form of a band offset, anedge offset, or the like.

On the other hand, the filter module 145 may not perform a filteringprocess on a reconstructed block used for the inter prediction.

The memory 150 stores the reconstructed block or picture calculated bythe filter module 145. The reconstructed block or picture stored in thememory 150 is supplied to the prediction module 110 that performs theinter prediction.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an image decodingdevice according to an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 2,an image decoding device 200 includes an entropy decoding module 210, arearrangement module 215, a dequantization module 220, an inversetransform module 225, a prediction module 230, a filter module 235, anda memory 240.

When an image bitstream is input from the image encoding device, theinput bitstream is decoded on the basis of the order in which imageinformation is processed by the image encoding device.

For example, when the image encoding device uses a variable lengthcoding (hereinafter, referred to as “VLC”) method such as the CAVLC toperform the entropy encoding process, the image decoding module 210 canrealize the same VLC table as used in the image encoding device and canperform the entropy decoding process. When the image encoding deviceuses the CABAC to perform the entropy encoding process, the entropydecoding module 210 can perform the entropy decoding process using theCABAC to correspond thereto.

Information for generating a prediction block out of the informationdecoded by the entropy decoding module 210 is supplied to the predictionmodule 230, and the residual values entropy-decoded by the entropydecoding module are input to the rearrangement module 215.

The rearrangement module 215 rearranges the bitstream entropy-decoded bythe entropy decoding module 210 on the basis of the rearrangement methodin the image encoding device. The rearrangement module 215 reconstructsand rearranges coefficients expressed in the form of one-dimensionalvector into coefficients of a two-dimensional block form. Therearrangement module 215 is supplied with information associated withthe coefficient scanning performed by the encoding module and canperform the rearrangement using a method of inversely scanning thecoefficients on the basis of the scanning order in which the scanning isperformed by the corresponding encoding module.

The dequantization module 220 performs dequantization on the basis ofthe quantization parameters supplied from the encoder and the rearrangedcoefficient values of the block.

The inverse transform module 225 performs the inverse DCT and inverseDST of the DCT and DST, which has been performed by the transform moduleof the image encoding device, on the quantization result from the imageencoding device. The inverse transform is performed on the basis of atransfer unit or a division unit of a picture determined by the imageencoding device. The transform module of the image encoding deviceselectively performs the DCT and DST depending on plural informationelements such as the prediction method, the size of the current block,and the prediction direction, and the inverse transform module 225 ofthe image decoding device performs the inverse transform on the basis ofthe transform information on the transform performed by the transformmodule of the image encoding device.

The prediction module 230 generates a prediction block on the basis ofprediction block generation information supplied from the entropydecoding module 210 and the previously-decoded block and/or pictureinformation supplied from the memory 240. The reconstructed block can begenerated using the prediction block generated by the prediction module230 and the residual block provided from the inverse transform module225. When the prediction mode of a current PU is an intra predictionmode (intra mode), an intra prediction process of generating aprediction block on the basis of pixel information in the currentpicture can be performed.

When the prediction mode of a current PU is an inter prediction mode(inter mode), an inter prediction process can be performed on thecurrent PU on the basis of information included in at least one of aprevious picture or a subsequent picture of the current picture. At thistime, motion information necessary for the inter prediction of thecurrent PU supplied from the image encoding apparatus, for example,information on motion vectors, reference picture indices, and the like,can be derived from a skip flag, a merge flag, and the like receivedfrom the encoder.

The reconstructed block and/or picture is supplied to the filter module235. The filter module 235 performs a deblocking filtering process, anSAO (Sample Adaptive Offset) process, and/or an adaptive loop filteringprocess on the reconstructed block and/or picture.

The memory 240 stores the reconstructed picture or block for use as areference picture or a reference block and supplies the reconstructedpicture to the output module.

When a current block is encoded using the intra prediction, the decoderderives an intra prediction mode of a prediction unit to which thecurrent block belongs and performs a prediction on the current blockusing the derived intra prediction mode. The decoder checks whether aneighboring block (or neighboring sample) of the current block is ablock available for the intra prediction mode and constructs a referenceblock or a reference pixel to be used in the prediction of the currentblock. The reference block or the reference pixel which can be used forthe intra prediction of the current block may be referred to as acandidate reference block or a candidate reference pixel. A pictureclose to an original picture can be output by applying the deblockingfiltering, the SAO, the adaptive loop filtering, and the like to apicture reconstructed through the intra prediction.

In the intra prediction process, the decoder first determines whetherI_PCM is applied to the current block. For example, the decoder candetermine whether I_PCM is applied to the current block using a flagpcm_flag indicating whether I_PCM is applied.

When the value of pcm_flag transmitted from the encoder is 1, thedecoder determines that I_PCM is applied to the current block andreconstructs the samples of the current block. The sample values of theblock to which PCM (Pulse Coding Modulation) is applied by the encoderis transmitted to the decoder without undergoing prediction, transform,entropy coding, and the like. Therefore, the decoder can decode thecurrent block on the basis of the information transmitted from theencoder.

When the PCM is not applied to the current block (I_PCM), the decoderdetermines whether the current block is additionally split. For example,the decoder can determine whether the current block is additionallydivided using a flag IntraSplitFlag indicating whether the current blockis split. The decoder can specify a target block (for example, aprediction unit or a transform unit) on which the prediction can beperformed without additional division by determining whether the currentblock (for example, a coding unit) is additionally split. For example,the decoder performs the prediction using the current coding unit as aprediction unit when the current coding unit is not split(IntraSplitFlag=0), and performs the prediction on the basis of theblock obtained by partitioning the current coding unit when the currentcoding unit is splited (IntraSplitFlag=1).

FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically illustrating prediction modes used inthe intra prediction. Referring to FIG. 3, the intra prediction modesmay have prediction directions depending on the positions of the samples(reference pixels) to be referred to. The order of the modes isdetermined on the basis of the vertical mode or the horizontal mode, andpredetermined mode values are assigned depending on the appearancefrequencies. For example, numerals in blocks are examples of modeindices (or mode numbers) which are assigned to the prediction modes ofthe corresponding directions. Prediction modes not having a predictiondirection can be used in the intra prediction, in addition to theprediction modes shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 is another diagram schematically illustrating the intraprediction modes. In FIG. 4, unlike FIG. 3, the prediction modes are notillustrated on the basis of the horizontal mode or the vertical mode,but the prediction modes are illustrated using mode indices determinedin the order of appearance frequencies of the prediction modes. A methodof assigning indices depending on the appearance frequencies of theprediction modes can be considered as the method of assigning theindices to the prediction modes. Referring to the mode indices shown inFIG. 4, a planar mode with a mode index of 0 and a DC mode with a modeindex of 3 are present as the intra prediction modes not having aprediction direction. A mode index of 35 is assigned to a modeIntra_FromLuma in which the intra prediction mode is determined on thebasis of the intra prediction modes of a luma sample in case of a chromasample. The indices of other prediction modes having directionality areas shown in FIG. 4.

In Table 1, indices to be assigned are schematically arranged when theindices of the intra prediction modes are assigned as shown in FIG. 4.

TABLE 1 Intra prediction mode Associated names 0 Intra_Planar 1Inta_Vertical 2 Intra_Horizontal 3 Intra_DC Otherwise (4 . . . 34)Intra_Angular 35  Intra_FromLuma (used only for chroma)

Table 2 schematically shows an example where indices are assigned to theprediction modes having a prediction direction out of the intraprediction modes.

TABLE 2 IntraPredMode IntraPredType IntraPredAngleID [puPartIdx][puPartIdx] [puPartIdx] 0 Intra_Vertical 0 1 Intra_Horizontal 0 2Intra_DC — 3 Intra_Vertical −8 4 Intra_Vertical −4 5 Intra Vertical +4 6Intra_Vertical +8 7 Intra Horizontal −4 8 Intra Horizontal 44 9Intra_Horizontal

8 10 Intra_Vertical −6 11 Intra Vertical −2 12 Intra Vertical +2 13Intra_Vertical +6 14 Intra_Horizontal −6 15 Intra Horizontal −2 16 IntraHorizontal +2 17 Intra Horizontal +6 18 Intra_Vertical −7 19 IntraVertical −5 20 Intra Vertical −3 21 Intra Vertical −1 22 Intra_Vertical+1 23 Intra Vertical +3 24 Intra Vertical +5 25 Intra Vertical +7 26Intra_Horizontal −7 27 Intra_Horizontal −5 28 Intra Horizontal −3 29Intra Horizontal −1 30 Intra Horizontal +1 31 Intra_Horizontal +3 32Intra Horizontal +5 33 Intra Horizontal +7

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

Indices are assigned to IntraPredAngleID, in the order directed to theleft or top (minus) side from a reference prediction mode, for example,Intra_Vertical or Intra_Horizontal or in the order directed to the rightor bottom (plus) side therefrom.

In Table 1, indices are assigned such as assigning intra prediction modeindex of 2 to the DC mode, unlike in FIGS. 3 and 4.

Table 3 schematically shows an example where indices are assigned to theprediction modes having a prediction direction out of the intraprediction modes depending on the intra prediction modes and the intraprediction mode indices shown in FIG. 3.

TABLE 3 IntraPredMode IntraPredType IntraPredAngleID [puPartIdx][puPartIdx] [puPartIdx] 0 Intra_Vertical 0 1 Intra_Horizontal 0 2Intra_DC — 3 Intra_Vertical −8 4 Intra_Vertical −8 5 Intra_Vertical −4 6Intra_Vertical −5 7 Intra_Horizontal −4 8 Intra_Horizontal −4 9Intra_Horizontal −8 10 Intra_Vertical −6 11 Intra_Vertical

2 12 Intra_Vertical −2 13 Intra_Vertical

6 14 Intra_Horizontal −6 15 Intra_Horizontal −2 16 Intra_Horizontal

2 17 Intra_Horizontal

6 18 Intra_Vertical −7 19 Intra_Vertical −5 20 Intra_Vertical −3 21Intra_Vertical −1 22 Intra_Vertical

1 23 Intra_Vertical −3 24 Intra_Vertical

5 25 Intra_Vertical

7 26 Intra_Horizontal −7 27 Intra_Horizontal −5 28 Intra_Horizontal −329 Intra_Horizontal −1 30 Intra_Horizontal

1 31 Intra_Horizontal −3 32 Intra_Horizontal

5 33 Intra_Horizontal

7

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

The current block on which the prediction is performed can be specifiedby the position of the top-left corner. For example, the position of thetop-left luma sample of the current block (prediction target block) withrespect to the top-left luma sample of the current picture can bespecified as (xB, yB).

The decoder can specify the prediction mode of a neighboring block or aneighboring sample and derive the intra prediction mode of the currentblock on the basis thereof. For this purpose, the intra prediction mode(intraPredMode) of a neighboring block of the current block can bespecified. When the current block is located at the top edge or the leftedge of the current picture, the value of −1 can be assigned to theintra prediction modes of the block which is not available for the intraprediction of the current block, such as the top block and the leftblock of the current block. The DC mode can be designated for the blockother than the intra prediction mode out of the neighboring blocks ofthe current block. Otherwise, the intra prediction mode of thecorresponding neighboring block can be specified with the intraprediction mode used for the corresponding block.

On the other hand, when the size of the prediction unit is very large orsmall, all the intra prediction modes do not need to be used and onlysome prediction modes may be used.

Table 4 shows the numbers of intra prediction modes for luma sampleswhich is available depending on the size of the prediction unit out ofthe intra prediction modes shown in FIG. 3 or 4.

TABLE 4 log2PUSize intraPredModeNum 2 18 3 35 4 35 5 35 6 4

Referring to Table 4, when the size of the prediction unit is 8×8(log2PUSize=3), when the size of the prediction unit is 16×16(log2PUSize=4), and when the size of the prediction unit is 32×32(log2PUSize=5), any one of all the prediction modes can be used for thecurrent block. When the size of the prediction unit is 4×4(log2PUSize=2) and when the size of the prediction unit 64×64(log2PUSize=6), any one of some intra prediction modes can be used forthe current block. For example, any one of 18 intra prediction modes canbe applied to the current block when the size of the prediction unit is4×4, and any one of 4 intra prediction modes can be applied to thecurrent block when the size of the prediction unit is 64×64.

As described above, the prediction mode of the current block can bederived from the prediction modes of the neighboring blocks.Accordingly, when only some intra prediction modes are used depending onthe size, the intra prediction modes of the neighboring blocks needs tobe mapped on the intra prediction modes which are available for thecurrent block. At this time, the current block of which the predictionmode should be determined may be a prediction unit as described above.

Table 5 schematically shows an example where the intra prediction modesof the neighboring blocks are mapped on the intra prediction modes usedfor the current block when all the intra prediction modes are not usedfor the current block.

TABLE 5 value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16mapIntraPredMode4[value] 0 1 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 2mapIntraPredMode10[value] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 value 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 mapIntraPredMode4[value]2 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 mapIntraPredMode10[value] 3 3 4 5 51 1 6 6 7 4 8 8 2 2 9 9 3

For example, when the number of prediction modes applicable to thecurrent block is 4, the intra prediction mode corresponding to theprediction mode value of a neighboring block can be specified as theprediction mode which is available for the corresponding neighboringblock of the current block using mapItraPredMode4[value].

For example, when the number of prediction modes applicable to thecurrent block is 18, the intra prediction mode corresponding to theprediction mode value of a neighboring block can be specified as theprediction mode which is available for the corresponding neighboringblock of the current block using mapItraPredMode0[value].

In the other cases, the intra prediction mode of the correspondingneighboring block is specified as the intra prediction mode which isavailable for the intra prediction of the current block.

The decoder can construct candidate modes out of the intra predictionmodes of the neighboring blocks which can be used for the current block.The candidate modes can be constructed by modes having the highestappearance frequency. For the purpose of convenience for explanation,the candidate modes are called MPM (Most Probable Modes). Apredetermined number of MPMs can be selected, for example, two MPMs canbe selected.

The MPM may be determined through the prediction process in the encoderand information on the MPM may be transmitted to the decoder.Alternatively, information on what intra prediction mode the MPM is maybe shared in advance by the encoder and the decoder.

In the example where two MPMs are selected, the decoder may set apredetermined other prediction mode, for example, an intra predictionmode corresponding to an index of 0 or 3, as the MPM when two MPMs areequal to each other.

The decoder can determine whether any one of the previously-decodedintra prediction modes of the neighboring blocks should be applied tothe current block on the basis of the information received from theencoder. For example, the encoder can transmit to the decoder a flagindicating whether any one of the intra prediction modes of theneighboring blocks should be applied to the block covering (xB, yB),such as prev_intra_pred_flag[xB][yB], on the basis of the predictionresult in the encoder. When the value of prev_intra_pred_flag[xB] [yB]received from the encoder is 1, the decoder can determine the predictionmode of the current block on the basis of the information indicatingwhat mode of the candidate intra prediction modes should be applied. Forexample, the encoder can indicate the MPM as the intra prediction modeto be applied to the current block covering (xB, yB) usingmpm_idx[xB][yB].

When the value of prev_intra_pred_flag[xB][yB] is 0, the decoder candetermine the intra prediction mode to be applied to the current blockout of the modes other than the MPMs. The intra prediction mode to beapplied to the current block may be indicated by the encoder. Theencoder can indicate the intra prediction mode to be applied to thecurrent block out of the modes other than the MPM using a syntax elementsuch as rem_intra_pred_mode. At this time, since the mode indicatinginformation (rem_intra_pred_mode) is encoded on the basis of the modesother than the MPMs, the intra prediction mode to be applied to thecurrent block may be specified on the basis of the magnitude differencefrom the MPMs.

For example, it is assumed that the smaller MPM of two MPMs is definedas MPM1 and the large MPM is defined as MPM2. Then, when the value ofrem_intra_pred_mode is smaller than the value of MPM1, the intraprediction mode indicated by the value of rem_intra_pred_mode can beapplied to the current block without any change. When the value ofrem_intra_pred_mode is larger than or equal to the value of MPM1 andsmaller than the value of MPM2, a mode obtained by adding 1 to the intraprediction mode indicated by rem_intra_pred_mode can be applied to thecurrent block. When the value of rem_intra_pred_mode is larger than thevalue of MPM2, a mode obtained by adding 2 to the intra prediction modeindicated by rem_intra_pred_mode can be applied to the current block.

When the intra prediction mode of the current block is determined, thepredicted samples of the current blocks are set to the neighboringpixels (reference pixels) located in the direction of the intraprediction mode. For example, the predicted sample located at theposition (x, y) in the current block is set to the reference pixellocated at the position (x, −1), that is, the reference pixelneighboring the top of the current block. When the intra prediction modeof the current block is a horizontal mode, the predicted sample locatedat the position (x, y) in the current block is set to the referencepixel located at the position of (−1, y), that is, the reference pixelneighboring the left side of the current block.

In the intra prediction mode having a prediction direction other thanthe vertical mode and the horizontal mode, the predicted samples can beset to the corresponding reference pixels depending on the direction ofthe intra prediction mode of the current block.

At this time, the pixels neighboring the left side and the top-leftcorner may be projected to the top and may be used as the referencepixels.

FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically illustrating a method of projectingthe top-left pixel to the top and using the projected pixel as areference pixel. Referring to FIG. 5, pixels 530 obtained by projectingthe positions of samples 510 with a length of 2N neighboring the leftside and the top-left side of a current block 500 with a size of N×Nonto the array of reference pixels 510 on the top side and the top-rightside of the current block 500 can be constructed.

At this time, a pixel array with a length of 4N+1 including the top andtop-right pixels 520 with a length of 2N+1 and the top-left pixels 530with a length of 2N is referred to as a main reference array for thepurpose of convenience for explanation. The decoder can construct themain reference array and perform the intra prediction on the currentblock, if necessary, for example, when the bottom-left pixels are notdecoded yet.

On the other hand, when at least one of the pixels of a neighboringblock is not an unavailable pixel, the unavailable pixels aresubstituted with other neighboring pixels and then can be used asreference pixels. For example, when any one of the neighboring pixels ofthe current block is not predicted with an intra prediction mode and thecurrent block is limited to only application of an intra predictionmode, the pixel values of the neighboring pixels can be substituted withother pixels.

For example, when the neighboring pixels are all unavailable pixels, theneighboring pixels can be substituted with the values of lower bitdepth.

When any one of the neighboring pixels is an unavailable pixel, theneighboring pixels are searched for an available pixel and the searchedavailable pixel can be substituted for the unavailable pixel. Forexample, the search can be performed in at least one direction withrespect to the unavailable pixel and an available pixel first searchedfor in a specific search direction can be determined to be thesubstituent pixel candidate in the corresponding direction. When theavailable substituent pixel candidate is searched for in plural searchdirections, the unavailable pixel can be substituted with a combinationof two pixel candidates. For example, when two candidates are q and r,the unavailable pixel can be substituted with the value of ((q+r+)>>1).When an available substituent candidate pixel is searched for in onlyone direction, the unavailable pixel can be substituted with thesearched available candidate pixel.

As described above, the decoder can construct all reference pixels forgenerating predicted samples of the current block by substituting theunavailable pixels. The decoder can generate the predicted samples ofthe current block on the basis of the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block using the constructed reference pixels.

In order to enhance the prediction performance, the decoder may applythe filtering on the reference pixels and then may generate thepredicted samples of the current block using the filtered referencepixels.

FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of a method offiltering reference pixels depending on an intra prediction mode andperforming an intra prediction process using the filtered pixels.Referring to FIG. 6, in the prediction modes other than the predictionmodes marked by bold arrows, the predicted samples of the current blockare generated using samples obtained by performing bilinearinterpolation on two pixels around the prediction direction.

On the contrary, in the intra prediction modes in the arrow directions,for example, the intra prediction modes indicated by indices 0, 1, 3, 4,and 9 in FIG. 6 shown using the intra prediction mode indices shown inFIG. 3, the reference pixels in the corresponding prediction directionare copied without interpolation to generate a block (prediction block)of the predicted samples of the current block. As a result, when theintra prediction modes in the prediction directions indicated by thebold arrows in FIG. 6 are applied, artifacts may occur in thereconstructed output picture.

In the example shown in FIG. 6, the indices of the intra predictionmodes shown in FIG. 3 are used, but the indicates of the intraprediction modes are used to indicate a specific intra prediction modein consideration of the directions and characteristics of the intraprediction modes and can be assigned in various ways, as describedabove. For example, when the indices of the intra prediction modes shownin FIG. 4 are used, the intra prediction modes in the bold arrowdirections shown in FIG. 6 include intra prediction mode indices 1, 2,4, 7, and 10.

Therefore, in order to avoid confusion, the intra prediction mode may beindicated depending on how far the intra prediction mode is from areference intra prediction mode. For example, in FIG. 6, intraprediction mode indices 0 and 1 can be defined as the vertical mode andthe horizontal mode, respectively, which are reference intra predictionmodes. The intra prediction mode with an index of 3 is the eighth modeto the right side from the vertical mode and thus can be represented byvertical+8 (Ver+8). The intra prediction mode with an index of 4 is aneighth mode to the left side from the vertical mode and thus can berepresented by vertical−8 (Ver−8). The intra prediction mode (with anintra prediction mode index of 9) at the left-bottom corner is an eighthmode to the bottom side from the horizontal mode and thus can berepresented by horizontal+8 (Hor+8).

On the other hand, in the decoder according to the invention cangenerate predicted samples by applying interpolation in a specificprediction direction in order to prevent occurrence of the artifacts.Here, “interpolation” is used for the purpose of convenience forexplanation and may be referred to as “filtering” or “smoothing” inconsideration that it means application of a filtering to a neighboringblock of a current block for the purpose of use as reference pixels. Asdescribed above, the unit for deriving the intra prediction mode may bea coding unit, and the unit for performing the intra prediction may be atransform unit. Therefore, in the filtering of the neighboring samplesdescribed herein, the “current block” may be a transform unit and theneighboring samples to which the filtering is applied may be neighboringsamples of the transform unit.

As described above, according to the invention, the filtering may beapplied to the reference pixels located in a specific predictiondirection before being used as the reference pixels.

For example, it is assumed that a pixel r(x_(r)) is used as a referencepixel for a sample c(x_(c)) of the current block Here, x_(c) and x_(r)specify the positions of the corresponding pixels. The decoder cangenerate r_(m)(x_(r)) obtained by modifying the value of r(x_(r))through the filtering using a predetermined pixel of r(x_(r)−1),r(x_(r)−2), . . . , r(x_(r)+1), and r(x_(r)+2) which are the neighboringpixels of r(x_(r)). The modified value r_(m)(x_(r)) is copied toc(x_(c)) through the filtering.

Here, x, or x, is values for indicating the position of a pixel and doesnot indicate particularly a coordinate in the horizontal direction or acoordinate in the vertical direction. When it is assumed for the purposeof convenience for explanation that x_(c) or x_(r) represents acoordinate (x axis coordinate) in the horizontal direction, theinvention can be identically applied to the vertical direction asfollows.

For example, it is assumed that a pixel r(y_(r)) is used as a referencepixel for a sample c(y_(c)) of the current block Here, y_(c) and y_(r)specify the positions of the corresponding pixels. The decoder cangenerate r_(m)(y_(r)) obtained by modifying the value of r(y_(r))through the filtering using a predetermined pixel of r(y_(r)−1),r(y_(r)−2), . . . , r(y_(r)+1), and r(y_(r)+2) which are the neighboringpixels of r(y_(r)). The modified value r_(m)(y_(r)) is copied toc(y_(c)) through the filtering.

As described above, the method of filtering a neighboring block for useas a reference pixel is hereinafter referred to as “CRSI (ConditionalReference Sample Interpolation)” or “MDIS (Mode Dependent IntraSmoothing)” for the purpose of convenience for explanation. Here, theterm “conditional” means that the CRSI can be applied depending on theintra prediction mode and/or the size of a current block, as describedlater.

When the CRSI is applied, the interpolation is performed using areference pixel located in the direction passing through a predictiontarget pixel and the neighboring pixels thereof along the direction ofthe intra prediction mode direction of the current block.

As described above, the CRSI can be applied to a specific predictiondirection.

Here, for example, vertical+8, vertical−8, and horizontal+8 can beconsidered as the specific prediction direction to which the CRSI isapplied.

FIG. 7 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example where anapplication target of the CRSI is specified in the system according tothe invention. In the example shown in FIG. 7, the CRSI is applied tothe intra prediction modes of vertical+8, vertical−8, and horizontal+8.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example where the CRSI is applied tothe vertical+8 mode in the system according to the invention. FIG. 8illustrates an example where the CRSI is performed using a targetreference pixel and two reference pixels neighboring the targetreference pixel.

In the example shown in FIG. 8, when the CRSI is not applied, thereference pixel r(x) is copied to a sample c(x−1) of the current blockalong the direction (arrow) of the intra prediction mode. At this time,x−1, x, or the like specifies the position of a pixel.

On the contrary, when the CRSI is applied according to the invention,the pixel value of a reference pixel r(x) is modified throughinterpolation using two neighboring reference pixels r(x−1) and r(x+1).That is, in the example shown in FIG. 8, the smoothing is performed onthe reference pixels using a 3-tap filter. At this time, a predeterminedfiltering coefficient can be used as the filtering coefficient. Thefiltering coefficient may be adaptively determined so as to enhance theprediction effect and the artifact removing effect.

Referring to FIG. 8, the reference pixel indicated by the predictiondirection passing through the pixel c(x−1) of the current block is r(x)in the intra prediction mode of vertical+8. Therefore, the referencepixel r(x) is modified through the interpolation using r(x−1) andr(x+1). When [1 2 1] is used as the filtering coefficient of the 3-tapfilter, a reference pixel r_(m)(x) obtained by modifying the referencepixel r(x) through the interpolation (filtering) can be generated asexpressed by Math 1.

r _(m)(x)=(r(x−1)+2*r(x)+r(x+1)+2)>>2  Math 1

Therefore, when the prediction mode of vertical+8 is applied, the pixelc(x−1) of the current block has the value expressed by Math 2 by copyingr_(m)(x).

c(x−1)=(r(x−1)+2*r(x)+r(x+1)+2)>2  Math 2

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example where the CRSI is applied toa vertical−8 mode in the system according to the invention. FIG. 9illustrates an example where the CRSI is performed using a targetreference pixel located on the top side of the current block and tworeference pixels neighboring the target reference pixel.

Referring to FIG. 9, the reference pixel indicated by the predictiondirection passing through the pixel c(x+1) of the current block is r(x)in the intra prediction mode of vertical−8. When [1 2 1] is used as thefiltering coefficient of the 3-tap filter, a modified reference pixelr_(m)(x) can be generated as expressed by Math 3.

r _(m)(x)=(r(x−1)+2*r(x)+r(x+1)+2)>>2  Math 3

Therefore, when the prediction mode of vertical−8 is applied to thecurrent block, the pixel c(x+1) of the current block has the valueexpressed by Math 4 by copying r_(m)(x).

c(x+1)=(r(x−1)+2*r(x)+r(x+1)+2)>>2  Math 4

On the other hand, referring to FIG. 7, the neighboring samples referredto in the intra prediction mode of vertical−8 may include theneighboring samples on the left side in addition to the neighboringsamples on the top side.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating another example where the CRSI isapplied to a vertical−8 mode in the system according to the invention.FIG. 10 illustrates an example where the CRSI is performed using atarget reference pixel located on the left side of the current block andtwo reference pixels neighboring the target reference pixel.

As described above, x in Math 1 to 4 is a value for indicating theposition of a pixel and does not indicate particularly a coordinate inthe horizontal direction or a coordinate in the vertical direction. Whenit is assumed for the purpose of convenience for explanation that x inMath 1 to 4 represents a coordinate (x axis coordinate) in thehorizontal direction, the invention can be identically applied to thevertical direction as follows.

Referring to FIG. 10, the reference pixel indicated by the predictiondirection passing through the pixel c(y+1) of the current block is r(x)in the intra prediction mode of vertical−8. When [1 2 1] is used as thefiltering coefficient of the 3-tap filter, a modified reference pixelr_(m)(y) can be generated as expressed by Math 5.

r _(m)(y)=(r(y−1)+2*r(y)+r(y+1)+2)>>2  Math 5

Therefore, when the prediction mode of vertical−8 is applied to thecurrent block, the pixel c(y+1) of the current block has the valueexpressed by Math 6 by copying r_(m)(y).

c(y+1)=(r(y−1)+2*r(y)+r(y+1)+2)>>2  Math 6

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example where the CRSI is appliedto the horizontal+8 mode in the system according to the invention. FIG.11 illustrates an example where the CRSI is performed using a targetreference pixel and two reference pixels neighboring the targetreference pixel.

Referring to FIG. 11, the reference pixel indicated by the predictiondirection passing through the pixel c(y−1) of the current block is r(y)in the intra prediction mode of horizontal+8. When [1 2 1] is used asthe filtering coefficient of the 3-tap filter, a modified referencepixel r_(m)(y) can be generated as expressed by Math 7.

r _(m)(y)=(r(y−1)+2*r(y)+r(y+1)+2)>>2  Math 7

Therefore, when the prediction mode of horizontal+8 is applied to thecurrent block, the pixel c(y−1) of the current block has the valueexpressed by Math 6 by copying r_(m)(y).

c(y−1)=(r(y−1)+2*r(y)+r(y+1)+2)>2  Math 8

The method using a 3-tap filter may be applied by extending the numberof filtering taps. For example, a reference pixel may be modifiedthrough the interpolation using five pixels located in the direction ofan intra prediction mode and the modified reference pixel may be copiedto a pixel of a current block along the direction of the predictionmode.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example where the CRSI is appliedto a vertical+8 mode in the system according to the invention. FIG. 12illustrates an example where the CRSI is performed using a targetreference pixel located on the top side of the current block and fourreference pixels neighboring the target reference pixel.

Referring to FIG. 12, the reference pixel indicated by the predictiondirection passing through the pixel c(x−1) of the current block is r(x)in the intra prediction mode of vertical+8. When [1 2 4 2 1] is used asthe filtering coefficient of the 5-tap filter, a modified referencepixel r_(m)(x) can be generated as expressed by Math 9.

r _(m)(x)=(r(x−2)+2*r(x−1)+4*r(x)+2*r(x+1)+r(x+2)+5)/10  Math 9

Therefore, when the prediction mode of vertical+8 is applied to thecurrent block as show in FIG. 12, the pixel c(x−1) of the current blockhas the value expressed by Math 10 by copying r_(m)(x).

c(x−1)=(r(x−2)+2*r(x−1)+4*r(x)+2*r(x+1)+r(x+2)+5)/10  Math 10

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example where the CRSI is appliedto a vertical−8 mode in the system according to the invention. FIG. 13illustrates an example where the CRSI is performed using a targetreference pixel located on the top side of the current block and fourreference pixels neighboring the target reference pixel.

Referring to FIG. 13, the reference pixel indicated by the predictiondirection passing through the pixel c(x+1) of the current block is r(x)in the intra prediction mode of vertical−8. When [1 2 4 2 1] is used asthe filtering coefficient of the 5-tap filter, a modified referencepixel r_(m)(x) can be generated as expressed by Math 11.

r _(m)(x)=(r(x−2)+2*r(x−1)+4*r(x)+2*r(x+)+r(x+2)+5)/10  Math 11

Therefore, when the prediction mode of vertical+8 is applied to thecurrent block as show in FIG. 13, the pixel c(x+1) of the current blockhas the value expressed by Math 12 by copying r_(m)(x).

c(x+1)=(r(x−2)+2*r(x−1)+4*r(x)+2*r(x+1)+r(x+2)+5)/10  Math 12

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating another example where the CRSI isapplied to a vertical−8 mode in the system according to the invention.FIG. 14 illustrates an example where the CRSI is performed using atarget reference pixel located on the left side of the current block andfour reference pixels neighboring the target reference pixel.

Referring to FIG. 14, the reference pixel indicated by the predictiondirection passing through the pixel c(y+1) of the current block is r(y)in the intra prediction mode of vertical−8. When [1 2 4 2 1] is used asthe filtering coefficient of the 5-tap filter, a modified referencepixel r_(m)(y) can be generated as expressed by Math 13.

r _(m)(y)=(r(y−2)+2*r(y−1)+4*r(y)+2*r(y+1)+r(y+2)+5)/10  Math 13

Therefore, when the prediction mode of vertical−8 is applied to thecurrent block as show in FIG. 14, the pixel c(y+1) of the current blockhas the value expressed by Math 14 by copying r_(m)(y).

c(y+1)=(r(y−2)+2*r(y−1)+4*r(y)+2*r(y+1)+r(y+2)+5)/10  Math 14

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example where the CRSI is appliedto the horizontal+8 mode in the system according to the invention. FIG.15 illustrates an example where the CRSI is performed using a targetreference pixel and two reference pixels neighboring the targetreference pixel.

Referring to FIG. 15, the reference pixel indicated by the predictiondirection passing through the pixel c(y−1) of the current block is r(y)in the intra prediction mode of horizontal+8. When [1 2 4 2 1] is usedas the filtering coefficient of the 5-tap filter, a modified referencepixel r_(m)(y) can be generated as expressed by Math 15.

r _(m)(y)=(r(y−2)+2*r(y−)+4*r(y)+2*r(y+1)+r(y+2)+5)/10  Math 15

Therefore, when the prediction mode of vertical−8 is applied to thecurrent block as show in FIG. 15, the pixel c(y−1) of the current blockhas the value expressed by Math 16 by copying r_(m)(y).

c(y−1)=(r(y−2)+2*r(y−1)+4*r(y)+2*r(y+1)+r(y+2)+5)/10  Math 16

In the examples of Math 1 to 16, the pixels located in the boundarieswith the neighboring samples and located in the prediction direction ofthe intra prediction mode out of the pixels of the current block arepredicted from the filtered neighboring samples (modified referencesamples). These examples use the pixels as a prediction target for thepurpose of easy understanding of the invention, and the invention is notlimited thereto. As in known intra prediction methods, other pixels inthe current block may be predicted on the basis of the modifiedreference samples in the same way depending on the intra predictiondirection.

In the examples of Math 1 to 16, the filtering coefficient (weightvalue) used in the CRSI has a predetermined value, for example, afiltering coefficient of [1 2 1], a rounding offset of 2, and a divisionmagnitude of 2 in case of the 3-tap filter, and a filtering coefficientof [1 2 4 2 1], a rounding offset of 5, and a denominator of 10 in caseof the 5-tap filter. In general, the rounding offset corresponds to halfthe division (or shift) magnitude.

In this regard, a method of using a filter having a filteringcoefficient (weight value) other than [1 2 1]/[1 2 4 2 1] for the CRSImay be considered. For example, the filtering coefficient may beadaptively determined. At this time, the adaptively-determined value ofthe filtering coefficient (weight value) is determined by the encoderand transmitted to the decoder. The decoder may derive the filteringcoefficient (weight value) using neighboring pixels or context.

In an example of the method of deriving the filtering coefficient usingthe neighboring pixels, a reconstructed picture is analyzed and thefiltering coefficient of the above-mentioned sample smoothing filter(CRSI) is changed when the sample value difference between the referencepixels is larger than a predetermined reference value. For example, thepredicted samples can be calculated by giving a small weight to thepixels over the boundary having a large filter value difference andgiving a large weight to the other pixels.

A case where there is no neighboring pixel to be used in theinterpolation of the reference pixels in the CRSI can be considered. Forexample, when the size of the current block is nS×nS and r(x)=r(nS) orr(y)=r(nS) is established, the CRSI may not be applied and r(x) or r(y)may be used as the reference pixel.

Referring to FIG. 4, the CRSI is applied when the intra prediction modeis 4, 7, and 10, but the invention is not limited to this case. The CRSIcan be applied to the intra prediction modes in the same way to performthe prediction.

On the other hand, it may be determined whether the CRSI should beapplied in the intra prediction process of the decoder, in considerationof the size of the current block and/or the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block. For example, it can be determined whether the CRSI shouldbe applied, depending on the size and the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block. A kind of table may be used to determine whether the CRSIshould be applied for various intra prediction modes and various blocksizes. As the value indicating whether the CRSI should be applied, thatis, whether the filtering should be performed to the reference pixels,information such as intraFilterType which indicates whether a filteringshould be applied by filter types may be constructed, the CRSI may beapplied when the value of intraFilterType is 1, and the CRSI may not beapplied when the value of intraFilterType is 0. At this time, the valueof intraFilterType can be determined depending on the size and the intraprediction mode of the current block.

As described above, it can be determined whether the CRSI should beapplied to the intra prediction modes (indices) of 4, 7, and 10,depending on the size of the current block, as shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 intraFilterType intraFilterType intraFilterType intraFilterTypeintraFilterType IntraPredMode (4 × 4 PU) (8 × 8 PU) (16 × 16 PU) (32 ×32 PU) (64 × 64 PU) 4 0 0 1 1 0 7 0 0 1 1 0 10 0 0 1 1 0

The example of Table 6 may be considered as an example where it isdetermined whether the CRSI should be applied using a criterion that theCRSI should not be applied to an excessively small block or anexcessively large block.

On the other hand, it is hitherto described that the CRSI is applied tothe reference pixels in consideration of only one of the x coordinateand the y coordinate along with the accompanying drawings for thepurpose of convenience for explanation, but it may be described that theCRSI is applied to the reference pixels in consideration of both x and ycoordinates. In Math 17, the details described with reference to Maths1, 3, 5, and 7 are arranged when a 3-tap filter is applied. In Math 17,it is assumed that the position of the top-left corner in the currentblock is set to (0, 0) and the size of the current block is nS×nS, forthe purpose of convenience for explanation.

r _(m)(x,−1)=(r(x+1,−1)+2*r(x,−1)+r(x−1,−1)+2)>>2,x=0, . . . ,nS*2−2

r _(m)(−1,y)=(r(−1,y+1)+2*r(−1,y)+r(−1,y−1)+2)>>2,y=0, . . .,nS*2−2  Math 17

In Math 17, when there is no pixel on the left and right sides and thetop and bottom sides of a reference pixel to be used in theinterpolation, the reference pixel can be used without any change asdescribed above. Therefore, r_(m)(nS*2-1,−1)=r(nS*2-1,−1) and r_(m)(−1,nS*2−1)=r(−1, nS*2−1) can be set.

The reference pixel r(−1, −1) neighboring the top-left corner of thecurrent block can be filtered as expressed by Math 18 using the rightpixel r(0, −1) and the bottom pixel r(−1, 0) of r(−1, −1).

r _(m)(−1,−1)=(r(−1,0)+2*r(−1,−1)+r(0,−1)+2)>>2  Math 18

The above-mentioned CRSI may be referred to as MDIS (Mode DependentIntra Smoothing) in that smoothing is performed on a reference pixeldepending on the intra prediction mode. Before performing the intraprediction, the neighboring samples of the current block are filteredusing the MDIS as described above. At this time, all the (4N+1)reference pixels are filtered.

FIG. 16 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example wherereference pixels are filtered using the MDIS before performing theprediction of taking the values of the reference pixels as the pixelvalues of the current block in the process of intra prediction.

Referring to FIG. 16, as reference pixels neighboring a current block1600 with a size of N×N, samples 1610 with a length of 2N on the topside and the top-right side, samples 1620 with a length of 2N on theleft side and the bottom-left side, and a sample neighboring thetop-left side of the current block 1600 are target pixels to be filteredbefore the prediction as described above.

However, in the actual intra prediction process, only a part of (4N+1)neighboring samples are used as the reference block depending on theintra prediction mode of the current block. Therefore, when all theneighboring blocks are filtered regardless of the intra prediction modeof the current block, the decoding complexity can be greatly increased.In this regard, a method of filtering only predetermined samples tocorrespond to the intra prediction mode of the current block out of theneighboring samples of the current block can be considered.

FIG. 17 is a diagram schematically illustrating neighboring samples ofthe current block which are used as reference pixels after beingfiltered depending on the intra prediction mode of the current block inthe system according to the invention. Referring to FIG. 17, when theprediction direction of the intra prediction mode is the right directionof the vertical mode (1710), neighboring samples 1745A located on thetop side of a current block 1740 and neighboring samples 1745B locatedon the top-left side are used to predict the current block 1740 as showin 17A.

When the intra prediction mode is the vertical mode, neighboring samples1755 located on the top side of a current block 1750 are used to predictthe current block 1750 as shown in 17B.

When the prediction direction of the intra prediction mode is the leftdirection of the vertical mode and the top direction of the horizontalmode (1720), neighboring samples 1765A located on the top side of acurrent block 1760, neighboring samples 1765B located on the left side,and a neighboring sample neighboring the top-left side of the currentblock 1760 are used to predict the current block 1760 as shown in 17C.

When the intra prediction mode is the horizontal mode, neighboringsamples 1775 located on the left side of a current block 1770 are usedto predict the current block 1770 as shown in 17D.

When the prediction direction of the intra prediction mode is the bottomdirection of the horizontal mode (1730), neighboring samples 1785Alocated on the left side of a current block 1780, neighboring samples1785B located on the bottom-left side, and a neighboring sampleneighboring the top-left side of the current block 1780 are used topredict the current block 1780 as shown in 17E.

Therefore, referring to FIG. 17, the number of neighboring samples usedas the reference pixel in the actual intra prediction is smaller thanhalf the total number of neighboring samples. Accordingly, it ispossible to greatly reduce the complexity of the MDIS by performing thefiltering on the neighboring samples of the current block inconsideration of the intra prediction mode of the current block.

According to the invention, only a part of the neighboring samples maybe filtered using the MDIS depending on the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block. As described above, the main reference array which is anarray of reference pixels may be set depending on the intra predictionmode intraPredMode.

FIG. 18 is a diagram schematically illustrating neighboring samples tobe filtered depending on the intra prediction mode of a current block inthe system according to the invention.

Referring to FIG. 18(a), when the intra prediction mode of a currentblock is the vertical mode, samples 1915 located on the top side of acurrent block 1810 are to be filtered.

Referring to FIG. 18(b), when the intra prediction mode of a currentblock is the horizontal mode, samples 1825 located on the left side of acurrent block 1820 are to be filtered.

Referring to FIG. 18(c), when the prediction direction of the intraprediction mode of a current block 1830 is the right direction of thevertical mode, neighboring samples 1835A located on the top side of acurrent block 1830, neighboring samples 1835B located on the top-rightside, and a neighboring sample neighboring the top-left corner of thecurrent block 1830 are to be filtered.

Referring to FIG. 18(d), when the prediction direction of the intraprediction mode of a current block 1840 is the bottom direction of thehorizontal mode, neighboring samples 1845A located on the left side of acurrent block 1840, neighboring samples 1845B located on the bottom-leftside, and a neighboring sample neighboring the top-left corner of thecurrent block 1840 are to be filtered.

Referring to FIG. 18(e), when the prediction direction of the intraprediction mode of a current block 1850 is the left direction of thevertical mode or the top direction of the horizontal mode, neighboringsamples 1855A located on the top side of a current block 1850,neighboring samples 1855B located on the left side, and a neighboringsample neighboring the top-left corner of the current block 1850 are tobe filtered.

Therefore, when the current block has a size of N×N and all theneighboring samples are filtered, 4N+1 neighboring samples are filtered,except when the intra prediction mode of the current block is the DCmode. On the contrary, when the filtering target is set in considerationof the intra prediction mode of the current block according to theinvention as shown in FIG. 18 and the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block is the horizontal mode or the vertical mode, only Nneighboring samples have only to be filtered. Even when the intraprediction mode of the current block is not the horizontal mode nor thevertical mode, only 2N+1 neighboring samples have only to be filtered atmost. Therefore, the number of filtering times is reduced to a half,compared with the case where all the neighboring samples are filtered.

On the other hand, in the intra prediction, the decoded intra predictionmode intraPredMode is mapped onto the intra prediction orderintraPredOrder and the intra prediction angle intraPredAngle.

Table 7 schematically shows the mapping of the intra prediction mode onthe intra prediction order.

TABLE 7 intraPredMode 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16intraPredOrder — — — 1 5 13 17 21 29 33 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 intraPredMode17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 intraPredOrder 31 2 46 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

The correlation shown in Table 7 can be expressed as in Table 8, byconsidering the planar mode as the intra prediction mode.

TABLE 8 intraPredMode 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17intraPredOrder — — — — 1 5 13 17 21 29 33 3 7 11 15 19 23 27intraPredMode 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34intraPredOrder 31 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

Table 9 schematically shows the mapping of the intra prediction mode onthe intra prediction angle.

TABLE 9 intraPredOrder 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16intraPredAngle — −32 −26 −21 −17 −13 −9 −5 −2 — 2 5 9 13 17 21 26intraPredOrder 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33intraPredAngle 32 −26 −21 −17 −13 −9 −5 −2 — 2 5 9 13 17 21 26 32

FIG. 19 is a diagram schematically illustrating the mapping relationshipof the intra prediction mode intraPredMode, the intra prediction orderintraPredOrder, and the intra prediction angle intraPredAngle shown inTable 7 and Table 9.

As described with reference to FIG. 18, in the system according to theinvention, only some samples which can be used as the reference samplesin the intra prediction of a current block out of the neighboringsamples of the current block can be subjected to the MDIS filtering.

FIG. 20 is a diagram schematically illustrating samples to be subjectedto the MDIS filtering out of the neighboring samples of a current blockwhen the intra prediction mode of the current block is the verticalmode, the horizontal mode, and the DC mode.

FIG. 20(a) shows a case where the intra prediction mode of a currentblock is the vertical mode. Referring to FIG. 20(a), when the intraprediction mode of a current block 2010 is the vertical mode,neighboring samples 2015 located on the top side of the current block2010 are subjected to the filtering.

FIG. 20(b) shows a case where the intra prediction mode of a currentblock is the horizontal mode. Referring to FIG. 20(b), when the intraprediction mode of a current block 2020 is the horizontal mode,neighboring samples 2025 located on the top side of the current block2020 are subjected to the filtering.

FIG. 20(c) shows a case where the intra prediction mode of a currentblock is the DC mode. Referring to FIG. 20(c), when the intra predictionmode of a current block 2030 is the vertical mode, neighboring samplesof the current block 2030 are not subjected to the filtering.

In the modes other than the vertical mode, the horizontal mode, and theDC mode, for example, in an angular prediction mode in which a so-called“directional prediction” is performed, the neighboring samples to befiltered can be determined in the same way.

FIG. 21 is a diagram schematically illustrating samples to be subjectedto the MDIS filtering out of the neighboring samples of a current blockwhen the intra prediction mode of the current block is the angularprediction mode.

FIG. 21(a) shows a case where the intra prediction order of a currentblock is smaller than 18 and the intra prediction angle of the currentblock is smaller than 0. Referring to FIG. 19, FIG. 21(a) shows a casewhere the intra prediction mode direction of the current block is theleft direction of the vertical mode.

Referring to FIG. 21(a), when the intra prediction mode direction of thecurrent block is the left direction of the vertical mode, leftneighboring samples 2115A of the current block 2110, top neighboringsamples 2115B, and a neighboring sample neighboring the top-left cornerof the current block 2110 are subjected to the filtering.

FIG. 21(b) shows a case where the intra prediction order of a currentblock is smaller than 18 and the intra prediction angle of the currentblock is larger than 0. Referring to FIG. 19, FIG. 21(b) shows a casewhere the intra prediction mode direction of the current block is theright direction of the vertical mode.

Referring to FIG. 21(b), when the intra prediction mode direction of thecurrent block is the right direction of the vertical mode, topneighboring samples 2125A of the current block 2120, top-rightneighboring samples 2125B, and a neighboring sample neighboring thetop-left corner of the current block 2120 are subjected to thefiltering.

FIG. 21(c) shows a case where the intra prediction order of a currentblock is larger than or equal to 18 and the intra prediction angle ofthe current block is smaller than 0. Referring to FIG. 19, FIG. 21(c)shows a case where the intra prediction mode direction of the currentblock is the top direction of the horizontal mode.

Referring to FIG. 21(c), when the intra prediction mode direction of thecurrent block is the top direction of the horizontal mode, leftneighboring samples 2135A of the current block 2130, top neighboringsamples 2135B, and a neighboring sample neighboring to the top-leftcorner of the current block 2130 are subjected to the filtering.

FIG. 21(d) shows a case where the intra prediction order of a currentblock is larger than or equal to 18 and the intra prediction angle ofthe current block is larger than 0. Referring to FIG. 19, FIG. 21(d)shows a case where the intra prediction mode direction of the currentblock is the bottom direction of the horizontal mode.

Referring to FIG. 21 (d), when the intra prediction mode direction ofthe current block is the bottom direction of the horizontal mode, leftneighboring samples 2145A of the current block 2140, top-leftneighboring samples 2145B, and a neighboring sample neighboring thetop-left corner of the current block 2140 are subjected to thefiltering.

Details of FIGS. 20 and 21 can be arranged into FIG. 22.

FIG. 22 is a diagram schematically illustrating samples to be filtereddepending on the intra prediction mode out of neighboring samples of acurrent block in the system according to the invention.

Referring to FIG. 22, when the intra prediction mode is the rightdirection of the vertical mode (2210), neighboring samples 2245A locatedon the top side of a current block 2240 and neighboring samples 2245Blocated on the top-left side are used to predict the current block 2240as shown in 22A.

When the intra prediction mode is the vertical mode, neighboring samples2255 located on the top side of a current block 2250 are used to predictthe current block 2250 as shown in 22B.

When the prediction direction of the intra prediction mode is the leftdirection of the vertical mode and the top direction of the horizontalmode (2220), neighboring samples 2265A located on the top side of acurrent block 2260, neighboring samples 2265B located on the left side,and a neighboring sample neighboring the top-left side of the currentblock 2260 are used to predict the current block 2260 as shown in 22C.

When the intra prediction mode is the horizontal mode, neighboringsamples 2275 located on the left side of a current block 2270 are usedto predict the current block 2270 as shown in 22D.

When the prediction direction of the intra prediction mode is the bottomdirection of the horizontal mode (2230), neighboring samples 2285Alocated on the left side of a current block 2280, neighboring samples2285B located on the bottom-left side, and a neighboring sampleneighboring to the top-left side of the current block 2280 are used topredict the current block 2280 as shown in 22E.

On the other hand, as described above, when the MDIS (CRSI) is applied,it can be determined whether the neighboring samples of the currentblock should be filtered depending on the intra prediction mode and thesize of the current block.

As described with reference to Table 6, it is determined whether theneighboring samples of the current block should be filtered dependingfor each size and each intra prediction mode of the current block usingthe table. As described above, predetermined information indicatingwhether the filtering should be applied can be constructed and it can bedetermined whether the filtering should be applied depending on thevalue of the information. For example, intraFilterType used in Table 6can be used as the field value for determining whether the filteringshould be applied. When intraFilterType is used, as described withreference to Table 6, the filtering is applied in case of theintraFilterType value of 1 and the filtering is not applied in case ofthe intraFilterType of 0.

Table 10 shows an example schematically illustrating a method ofdetermining whether the filtering should be applied depending on thesize and the intra prediction mode of a prediction unit to which thecurrent block belongs. Unlike in Table 6. Table 10 shows all the intraprediction modes.

TABLE 10 intraFilterType intraFilterType intraFitlerType intraFilterTypeintraFilterType IntraPredMode (4 × 4 PU) (8 × 8 PU) (16 × 16 PU) (32 ×32 PU) (64 × 64 PU) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 01 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 1 0 6 1 1 1 1 0 7 0 1 1 1 0 8 0 1 1 1 0 9 1 1 1 1 0 10 00 1 1 0 11 0 0 1 1 0 12 0 0 1 1 0 13 0 0 1 1 0 14 0 0 1 1 0 15 0 0 1 1 016 0 0 1 1 0 17 0 0 1 1 0 18-33 0 0 0 1 0

In Table 10, a case where the planar mode is not considered depending onthe intra prediction mode shown in FIG. 3. Therefore, as an examplewhere all the intra prediction modes (the DC mode, the planar mode, andthe luma reference mode for chroma samples) not having directionalityare considered and all of the vertical mode, the vertical+1 tovertical+8 modes, the vertical−1 to vertical−8 modes, the horizontalmodem, the horizontal+1 to horizontal+8 modes, and the horizontal−1 tohorizontal−8 modes are considered, the method of determining whether thefiltering should be applied as in the example of Table 11 may beconsidered.

TABLE 11 intraFilterType intraFilterType intraFilterType intraFilterTypeintaFilterType IntraPredMode (4 × 4 PU) (8 × 8 PU) (16 × 16 PU) (32 × 32PU) (64 × 64 PU) 0-2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 1 0 4, 5 0 0 1 1 0 6 0 1 1 1 0 7,8 0 0 1 1 0 9 0 1 1 1 0 10-20 0 0 1 1 0 21, 22 0 0 0 1 0 23-28 0 0 1 1 029, 30 0 0 0 1 0 31-33 0 0 1 1 0 34  0 1 1 1 0 35  n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Referring to Table 10 or Table 11, when the value of intraFilterTypecorresponding to the size and the intra prediction mode of theprediction unit to which the current block belongs is 1, the filtering,that is, the MDIS, is applied to the neighboring samples of the currentblock.

By smoothing the neighboring reference samples of the current blockusing the MDIS, it is possible to improve the intra predictionperformance. At this time, as described above, the filtering (MDIS) canbe performed using a 3-tap filter or a 5-tap filter.

when the value of intraFilterType corresponding to the size and theintra prediction mode of the prediction unit to which the current blockbelongs is 0, the filtering is not applied to the neighboring samples ofthe current block.

FIG. 23 is a diagram schematically illustrating the method of applyingthe MDIS using a 3-tap filter. Referring to FIG. 23, neighboring samples2320 and 2330 of a current block 2310 are smoothed using the 3-tapfilter. The application time of the smoothing, that is, the applicationtime of the MDIS, is after substitution with the reference samples andbefore setting the pixel values of the current block to the referencepixel values through the use of the prediction, as described above.

When the MDIS is applied using the 3-tap filter, the interpolation(filtering) is performed using the left and right samples or the top andbottom samples of the neighboring samples to be filtered. For example,when a target neighboring sample 2340 b or a target neighboring sample2340 b is filtered, the 3-tap filter can be applied to the left andright samples 2340 a and 2340 c and the target neighboring sample 2340b. At this time, [1 2 i] can be used as an example of the filteringcoefficient. When a target neighboring sample 2350 b is filtered, the3-tap filter can be applied to the top and bottom samples 2350 a and2350 c and the target neighboring sample 2350 b. At this time, [1 2 1]can be used as an example of the filtering coefficient.

However, another type of smoothing can be applied to the intraprediction mode not having directionality, for example, the DC mode. Forexample, referring to Table 10 or Table 11, the smoothing is not appliedto the DC mode. In Table 10 based on the intra mode indexing shown inFIG. 3, it can be seen that the value of intraFilterType ofIntraPredMode 2 which is the DC mode is 0. In Table 11 based on theintra mode indexing shown in FIG. 4, it can be seen that the value ofintraFilterType of IntraPredMode 3 which is the DC mode is 0.

Therefore, In the DC mode, the smoothing such as the MDIS is notperformed before the intra prediction, that is, before filling the pixelvalues of the current block by prediction, but it can be considered thatthe filtering is performed to minimize the discontinuity of blockboundaries.

FIG. 24 is a diagram schematically illustrating the method of applyingthe filtering when the intra prediction mode of a current block is theDC mode. Referring to FIG. 24, a 2-tap filter is applied to samples 2440b and 2450 b of a predicted current block 2410 and neighboring samples2440 a and 2450 a of the current block. For example, when theneighboring samples 2430 on the top side of the current block 2410 arefiltered, the 2-tap filter can be applied to the neighboring sample 2440a and the pixel 2440 b of the current block neighboring the sameposition in the horizontal direction (x axis direction) as theneighboring sample 2440 a. When the neighboring samples 2420 on the leftside of the current block 2410 are filtered, the 2-tap filter can beapplied to the neighboring sample 2450 a and the pixel 2450 b of thecurrent block neighboring the same position in the vertical direction (yaxis direction) as the neighboring sample 2450 a.

At this time, [2 8] shown in the drawing can be used as an example ofthe filtering coefficient to the applied, but the invention is notlimited thereto. For example, the filtering coefficient may beadaptively determined using neighboring contexts or information on thefiltering coefficient may be determined by the encoder and may betransmitted to the decoder.

For the purpose of convenience for explanation, the 2-tap filteringapplied to the DC mode as described with reference to FIG. 23 isreferred to as an MDTF (Mode Dependent Two-tap Filtering).

In the invention, it is possible to effectively minimize thediscontinuity of the block boundaries by applying the MDTF to a casewhere the MDIS is not applied as well as a case where the intraprediction mode of a current block is the DC mode. The MDTF is appliedwhen the MDIS is not applied. Therefore, it can be determined whetherthe MDTF should be applied in consideration of the size and the intraprediction mode of a current block using Table 10 or Table 11.

Hereinafter, an MDTF application method will be specifically described.

MDTF Application Method 1

As an MDTF application method, a method of applying the MDTF to all thecases where the MDIS is not applied. For example, the MDTF is applied tothe case where the value of intraFilterType in Table 10 or Table 11 is0. Here, the MDTF is not applied to all the neighboring samples of thecurrent block, but may be applied to only the top neighboring pixels orthe left neighboring pixels of the current block depending on the intraprediction mode of the current block. Alternatively, the MDTF may beapplied to only the neighboring reference pixels actually used in theintra prediction of the current block.

FIG. 25 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example where theMDTF is applied in the system according to the invention depending onthe intra prediction mode of a current block.

FIG. 25(a) shows an MDTF application example when the intra predictionmode of a current block 2510 is the vertical mode. Referring to Table 10or Table 11, the MDIS is not applied to the vertical mode. Referring toFIG. 25(a), when the intra prediction mode of the current block 2510 isthe vertical mode, the MDTF is applied to the top neighboring samples2515 used in the intra prediction of the current block. Therefore, the2-tap filtering is performed on the neighboring sample 2520 a and thepixel 2520 b of the current block. In the example shown in FIG. 25(a),[2 8] is used as the filtering coefficient.

FIG. 25(b) shows an MDTF application example when the intra predictionmode of a current block 2530 is the horizontal mode. Referring to Table10 or Table 11, the MDIS is not applied to the horizontal mode.Referring to FIG. 25(b), when the intra prediction mode of the currentblock 2530 is the horizontal mode, the MDTF is applied to the leftneighboring samples 2535 used in the intra prediction of the currentblock. Therefore, the 2-tap filtering is performed on the neighboringsample 2540 a and the pixel 2540 b of the current block. In the exampleshown in FIG. 25(b), [2 8] is used as the filtering coefficient.

FIG. 25(c) shows an MDTF application example when the intra predictionmode of a current block 2550 is a directional mode and the MDIS is notapplied. Referring to FIG. 25(a), since all the top neighboring sample2560 and the left neighboring sample 2555 of the current block 2550 canbe used in the intra prediction of the current block 2550, the MDTF isapplied to the top neighboring samples 2560 and the left neighboringsample 2555 of the current block. Therefore, the 2-tap filtering isperformed on the neighboring sample 2565 a, the pixel 2565 b of thecurrent block, and the neighboring samples 2570 a and 2570 b. In theexample shown in FIG. 25(c). [2 8] is used as the filtering coefficient.

Therefore, according to the example shown in FIG. 25, the value ofintraFilterType in Table 10 and Table 11 can be newly defined. Forexample, it can be defined to instruct to apply the 2-tap filtering toboundary pixels inside or outside of a current block when the value ofintraFilterType is 0 and to instruct to apply the filtering to thereference samples when the value of intraFilterType is 1. At this time,the 2-tap filtering on the boundary pixels inside or outside the currentblock may be the MDTF, and the filtering on the reference samples may bethe MDIS using a 3-tap filter having a filtering coefficient of [1 2 1].

MDTF Application Method 2

Unlike as in the example shown in FIG. 25, a method of applying the MDTFwhen the value of intraFilterType in Table 10 or Table 11 is 0 andselectively applying the MDIS and the MDTF when the value ofintraFilterType is 1. For example, when the value of intraFilterType is1, the encoder can indicate whether the MDTF should be applied or theMDIS should be applied, by transmitting a 1-bit flag. It can also beindicated whether the filtering should be applied to the referencesamples or whether the 2-tap filter applied to the DC mode should beapplied. At this time, a 3-tap filter with a filtering coefficient of [12 1] can be used in the MDIS, and a 2-tap filter with a filteringcoefficient [2 8] can be used in the MDTF.

MDTF Application Method 3

Unlike the above-mentioned application methods, the MDTF may not beapplied to any case where the MDIS is not applied in Table 10 and Table11 and the MDTF may be applied to only a case where the intra predictionmode of a current block is a predetermined intra prediction mode.

For example, the MDTF can be applied to only the cases where the valueof intraFilterType in Table 10 and Table 11 is 0 and the intraprediction mode of the current block is the vertical mode, thehorizontal mode, and the non-directional mode (for example, the DC modeor the planar mode).

On the other hand, in MDTF application methods 1 and 2, when the intraprediction mode of the current block is neither the vertical mode northe horizontal mode and is the angular prediction mode, the positions ofthe neighboring samples to which the MDTF filtering is applied is notthe same horizontal positions (positions in the x axis) or the samevertical positions (positions in the y axis) as the target pixels in thecurrent block, but may be the positions on the top-right side or thetop-left side.

FIG. 26 is a diagram schematically illustrating an operation of anencoder in the system according to the invention. Referring to FIG. 26,the encoder performs a prediction process on a current block (S2610).The encoder can perform an intra prediction operation or an interprediction operation on the current block. The prediction can beperformed in consideration of the partition size, the slice type, andthe like of the current block.

The encoder may determine a filtering coefficient of the CRSI (MDIS) andmay transmit information on the determined filtering coefficient to thedecoder, when the CRSI (MDIS) is applied in the process of performingthe intra prediction. When the information on the filtering coefficientis not transmitted, the decoder may derive the filtering coefficientfrom context information as described above. When the filteringcoefficient is determined in advance by the encoder and the decoder, theencoder may not transmit the information on the filtering coefficientseparately.

The encoder entropy-encodes the prediction result of the current block(S2620). As described above, methods such as CABAC and CAVLC can be usedfor the entropy encoding, and code words may be assigned inconsideration of the appearance frequency of each prediction mode orprediction type.

The encoder signals the entropy-encoded information (S2620). Insignaling the information on the prediction mode, an application of aspecific prediction mode/prediction type may be signaled usingparticular information such as a flag, or elements of the predictiontype may be joint-coded at a time and what prediction mode of pluralprediction modes is applied may be signaled.

Details of the method of assigning code words in consideration of theappearance frequencies of the prediction types/prediction modes and themethod of signaling the information on the prediction are the same asdescribed above.

FIG. 27 is a diagram schematically illustrating an operation of adecoder in the system according to the invention. Referring to FIG. 27,the decoder receives information from the encoder (S2710). Theinformation received from the encoder may be included in a bitstream andincludes information on the prediction of a current block.

Subsequently, the decoder performs an entropy decoding process toextract necessary information (S2720). The decoder determines whatprediction type of the prediction types (such as the PCM, the interprediction, and the intra prediction) is applied to the current blockand what mode in the intra prediction is applied to the current block,on the basis of the extracted information. The method of determining theprediction modes is the same as described above.

The decoder performs a prediction process on the current block (S2730).The decoder performs the prediction process on the basis of theprediction mode of the current block. The specific method of performingthe prediction process on the basis of the prediction mode of thecurrent block is the same as described above.

The decoder reconstructs a picture the current block on the basis of thepredicted result(S2740).

FIG. 28 is a flowchart schematically illustrating an intra predictionoperation in a prediction step of the decoder on a current block in thesystem according to the invention.

Referring to FIG. 28, the decoder derives the prediction mode of thecurrent block (S2810). The prediction mode of the current block may bedetermined from a predetermined number of MPMs selected from theneighboring block or may be determined from residual modes separatelytransmitted from the encoder.

The decoder determines availability of the neighboring samples of thecurrent block and substitutes unavailable samples with reference samples(S2820). When a sample located at an unavailable address is present inthe neighboring samples of the current block, the decoder determinesthat the corresponding sample is a sample (unavailable sample) notavailable for the intra prediction of the current block. When thecurrent block is predicted with only the intra prediction mode and asample predicted with a mode other than the intra prediction mode ispresent in the neighboring samples of the current block, thecorresponding sample is determined to be a sample not available for theintra prediction of the current block. The decoder performs referencesample substitution of substituting the unavailable samples withavailable samples. The specific method is the same as described above.The decoder can construct reference samples to be used in the intraprediction of the current block through the use of the reference samplesubstitution.

Subsequently, the decoder performs a filtering process on theneighboring samples (S2830). The filtering process can be performedusing a predetermined number of neighboring samples in the direction ofthe intra prediction mode depending on the intra prediction mode of thecurrent block. The number of neighboring samples used in the filteringmay be determined in advance or information on the number of neighboringsamples used in the filtering may be transmitted from the encoder to thedecoder. The filtering coefficient used in the filtering may bedetermined in advance or may be derived from the context by the decoder,or information on the filtering coefficient may be transmitted from theencoder to the decoder. In addition, depending on the intra predictionmode of the current block, only the neighboring samples available in theintra prediction may be filtered. The decoder may selectively performthe filtering process depending on the size and the intra predictionmode of the current block. When performing the filtering process, thedecoder can construct modified reference samples to be used in the intraprediction of the current block.

The decoder generates predicted samples (S2840). The decoder performs aprediction process of generating predicted samples by copying the(modified) reference samples located in the prediction direction to thepixel positions of the current block depending on the intra predictionmode of the current block.

On the other hand, the decoder may apply a 2-tap DC filtering (MDTF) onthe generated predicted samples as described above.

While the methods in the above-mentioned exemplary system have beendescribed on the basis of flowcharts including a series of steps orblocks, the invention is not limited to the order of steps and a certainstep may be performed in a step or an order other than described aboveor at the same time as described above. The above-mentioned embodimentscan include various examples. Therefore, the invention includes allsubstitutions, corrections, and modifications belonging to the appendedclaims.

When it is mentioned above that an element is “connected to” or “coupledto” another element, it should be understood that still another elementmay be interposed therebetween, as well as that the element may beconnected or coupled directly to another element. On the contrary, whenit is mentioned that an element is “connected directly to” or “coupleddirectly to” another element, it should be understood that still anotherelement is not interposed therebetween.

1-16. (canceled)
 17. An image encoding method using intra prediction, byan encoding apparatus, the method comprising: determining an intraprediction mode of a current block, wherein the intra prediction mode isdetermined as a directional prediction mode from intra prediction modesincluding 33 directional prediction modes and at least onenon-directional prediction mode; deriving neighboring reference samplesof the current block; performing filtering on at least one of thereference samples; generating a prediction sample of the current blockbased on a filtered reference sample; and encoding image informationincluding prediction mode information indicating the intra predictionmode of the current block, wherein the filtered reference sample isfiltered by using a first reference sample located in a predictiondirection of the intra prediction mode with regard to a location of theprediction sample and reference samples adjacent to the first referencesample, and wherein the reference samples adjacent to the firstreference sample including a second reference sample located on a rightside of the first reference sample and a third reference sample locatedon a left side of the first reference sample is derived based on alocation of the first reference sample.
 18. The method of claim 17,wherein a filtering coefficient for the first reference sample isgreater than filtering coefficients for the reference samples adjacentto the first reference sample.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein thefiltered reference sample is filtered by applying a 3-tap filter with afiltering coefficient of [1 2 1] to the first reference sample.
 20. Themethod of claim 17, wherein the intra prediction mode is a predictionmode having an up-left diagonal prediction direction.
 21. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the intra prediction mode is a prediction mode havinga down-left diagonal prediction direction.
 22. The method of claim 17,wherein it is determined whether the filtering is performed depending ona size and the intra prediction mode of the current block.
 23. Themethod of claim 22, wherein when it is determined that the filtering isnot performed, the prediction sample is generated based on the firstreference sample, and wherein a smoothing process using 2-tapcoefficients is performed on the first reference sample.
 24. An encodingapparatus, comprising: a prediction module configured to determine anintra prediction mode of a current block, wherein the intra predictionmode is determined as a directional prediction mode from intraprediction modes including 33 directional prediction modes and at leastone non-directional prediction mode, derive neighboring referencesamples of the current block, perform filtering on at least one of thereference samples, generate a prediction sample of the current blockbased on a filtered reference sample; and an encoding module configuredto encode image information including prediction mode informationindicating the intra prediction mode of the current block, wherein thefiltered reference sample is filtered by using a first reference samplelocated in a prediction direction of the intra prediction mode withregard to a location of the prediction sample and reference samplesadjacent to the first reference sample, and wherein the referencesamples adjacent to the first reference sample including a secondreference sample located on a right side of the first reference sampleand a third reference sample located on a left side of the firstreference sample is derived based on a location of the first referencesample.
 25. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storingimage information, the image information, when executed, causing adecoding apparatus to perform the following steps: determining an intraprediction mode of a current block based on the image information,wherein the intra prediction mode is determined as a directionalprediction mode from intra prediction modes including 33 directionalprediction modes and at least one non-directional prediction mode;deriving neighboring reference samples of the current block; performingfiltering on at least one of the reference samples; generating aprediction sample of the current block based on a filtered referencesample; deriving a residual sample of the current block based on theimage information; and generating a reconstructed picture based on theprediction sample and the residual sample, wherein the filteredreference sample is filtered by using a first reference sample locatedin a prediction direction of the intra prediction mode with regard to alocation of the prediction sample and reference samples adjacent to thefirst reference sample, and wherein the reference samples adjacent tothe first reference sample including a second reference sample locatedon a right side of the first reference sample and a third referencesample located on a left side of the first reference sample is derivedbased on a location of the first reference sample.